Tuesday, June 30, 2015

Composition, structure and function of nucleic acid

                                                           Nucleic acid
 Swindon's Fricdrich micscher has the oner to discover nucleic acid. nucleic acid are polymers of nucleotides and every nucleotides are made by combining nitrogenous heterocyclic rings,sugar and phosphate group. the molecular weight of nucleic acid is high and structure is complex. nucleic acid are isolated from nucleus so it  call nucleic acid. There is two structure classes of nucleic acids are occur in cell -deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid. 
1.deoxyribonucleic acid-  DNA is present in all living cells except in some plant viruses.DNA mostly founds in nucleus but also available in chloroplast and mitochondria in small amount. DNA is a polymer of nucleotides. each nucleotide is made from three different compounds.   1.pentose sugar-deoxyribose
                                              2.phosphoric acid
                                              3.nitrogenous base
nitrogenous base are two types-1.purine base-(a)Adenine (A)
                                                                          (b)guanine (G)
                                          2.Pyrimidine bases-(a)Thymine (T)
                                                                          (b)Cytosine (C)
in each circle many type of nucleotides are arranged in a row.
in every nucleotide has one- one molecules of deoxyribose,nitrogenous base and phosphoric acid.
molecules of nitrogenous base is arrange in inside of deoxyribose and phosphate is outside.
one rows all nucleotides joints from there phosphate molecule.
nucleotides of both circles are also attached by hydrogen bond between nitrogenous base. amount of purine and pyrimidine base are equal in both nucleotide chain.one chains Adenine joints from other chains thymine and cytosine joint from guanine.                                                                                                          there  is a double bond between adenine and thymine and triple bond between guanine and cytosine.

Molecular structure of DNA-
Watson and crick gives DNA modal and they  crowned with Nobel prise for that modal in 1962. according them in DNA's bi-coiled structure two characters are shows- 
1.DNA molecule is made of two helices which coil around there axis.
2.both chins coil in opposite directions.
Watson and crick modal of DNA_

Importance of DNA-
1. genes are made of DNA. DNA transfer genetic characters from one generation to next generation.
2. this control all activities in cell.
3.DNA syntheses RNA which is important for protein synthesis.
4.DNA is stable. it has less chances of mutation and genetic changes. 
read about cell biology on this link-
CELL BIOLOGY
2.ribo-nucleic acid-
Distribution- RNA is mostly present in cytoplasm and nucleolus. and   except this RNA is also found in mitochondria and chloroplast also. RNA is genetic material in some plant virus and bacteriophage.
Structure-RNA is polynucleotide chain of four monomeric ribo-nucleotides. each ribo- nucleotide contain one pentose sugar, one nitrogen base molecule, one phosphate molecule.
(a)Nitrogen base- these are two type carbonic compounds -purine and pyrimidine. purines are adenine and guanine. pyrimidine are cytosine and uracil.
(b)Sugar-RNA has ribose sugar which is a pentose sugar.
(c)Phosphate- this is in phase of phosphoric acid.its phosphate connected with ribose sugar. There is a ester bond between them.
 RNA made in nucleus and then come in cytoplasm. this transfer information from nucleus to ribosome. ribosome doing protein synthesis.
there is a three types of RNA-
1.Ribosomal RNA-this type of RNA is presents in ribosome.
2.Messenger RNA-this made in nucleus and gives information for protein synthesis. for every protein there is a special messenger RNA.
3.Transfer RNA-this is small then messenger RNA. this collects amino acids from cytoplasm for protein synthesis.
QUESTION ANSWER FOR MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Thursday, June 25, 2015

Composition, structure and function of biomolecule-protein

                              protein

protein is big molecule of high Wight and complex chemical structure. this is impotent part of body so berzelius call this protein. this is solid compound presents in protoplasm. in nucleus this founds in nuclioprotein phase and play important role in cell division.protein control all chemical reactions in our body so these type of protein call enzymes.

 composition-this is made of hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen some time sulfer and fosforus are also part of its structure.

structure- protein is polymer of amino acid. in its structure many molecules of amino acid combines by peptide bond. one amino acid molecules carboxylic group attach with amino group of other amino acid molecule. 

amino acid-amino acid are small molecules of protein. that are important for our body growth. in its structure one carboxylic group and one amino group in attach with a- carbon. a- carbons other two free valencies are fulfil by hydrogen atom and side chain. so amino acid has both characters of acid and base.
functions of amino acids-
1.amino acid is unit of protein.
2.some amino acids like tyrosine, thyroxine converts in melamine.
3.tryptofen take part in synthesis of vitamin nicotinemyde and indol-3- acetic acid.
4. most of amino acids made glucose.
5.by removing carboxylic group in phase of COfrom amino acid molecule it converts in histamine.

peptide linkage- in protein amino acids attach by there amino and carboxylic group. these type of bonding call peptide bond.

levels of protein structure-
1.primary structure- in protein  chain of amino acid is primary structure. this is important but doesn't active.
2.secondary structure-  for active stage protein make three-dimensional structure. a active protein has polypeptide chain in this polypeptide chain hydrogen bond built between hydrogen of amino group and oxygen of carboxylic group. this structure is secondary structure.
3.tertiary structure-a-helix or pleated sheet make more circles and this call tertiary structure. by this tree dimensional structure side chains of amino acid's come near and protein make enzyme. 
QUESTION ANSWER FOR MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
classification of protein-
 in structure there is a two type of protein
1.simple protein-these type of protein has only amino acid. the molecules are small and round. example-protaimne,histone.

2.conjugated protein-these are many types 
(a)chromoprotein- in this type simple protein connect with a pigment. example- heamoglobin,cytochromes.
(b)glycoproteins-in there structure carbohtdrate is present with protein.example-mucin and hiparin.
(c)nucleoprotein-molecules of simple protein are attached with nucleic acid.example-chromatin are made of nucleoprotein.
(d)lipoprotein-simple protein + lipid calls lipoprotein and this type of protein founds in brain,plasma and milk.
(e)phosphoprotein-when simple protein's molecules are attached with phosphoric acid, ortho or pyrophoshphate this type of protein calls phosphoprotein. for example ovovitelline of egg and casein of milk is phosphoprotein.

functions of proteins-
1. As enzymes- proteins are work like enzymes which controls biological reactions.
2.As hormones-some proteins works like hormone for example somatotrophic hormone.
3. proteins and protection-these are antibodies or immunoglobulins. these proteins stop the effects of outer molecules.example- thrombin and fibrinogen.
4.transport-transport protein are helpful for molecules transport in blood.hacmoglobin provides oxygen to tissues from lungs.
5.proteins and biochemical individuality-protein provides individuality to animals and spices. blood of a special animal or spices don't shifts in other animal body.
6.Toxins-some proteins are poisonous like gossypin of cotton seed.
7.structural protein- protein take part in cell membrane formation. these founds in bone.
8.cell secretions- mucus is glycoprotein which is secretion of cell.
9.special secretion-fibrion protein are special secretion of spider.
10.Storage protein-protein is storable like food. for example albumin of egg.
to know about other biomolecule nucleic acid click here-
BIOMOLECULE_NUCLEIC ACID

Tuesday, June 23, 2015

questions related to bonding in molecules

Q1. who calculate the charge on electron?
ans=R.A.Milicon

 Q2. who use Bohr model?
ans=He2+
 Q3. electron;s velocity is equal to light so what is his mass?
ans=me’=me/√1-(v\c)2

Q4. which equation is related to neutrons exploration?
ans=4Be9+2He46C12+0n1

Q5. e\m's sicuation for e,p,n 
  ans=  n<p<e
know more about this topic visit on this link-
bonding in molecules

LAST YEAR EXAM PAPER WITH SOLUTION

Wednesday, June 17, 2015

Composition, structure and function of biomolecule- carbohydrate

Introduction= in a cell inorganic materials like minerals, water and organic compounds like carbohydrate,lipid, protein or nucleic acid are present. here we are reading about organic compounds which are important for human body and effects on us. so now we read about there composition, structure and also there function in easy and learning way.
                        carbohydrate 
carbohydrate is a important part of our food. this is presents in carbon,hydrogen and oxygen's 1:2:1 ratio so that this call carbohydrate. during to water snap carbohydrate breaks in glucose and water molecules.in living cells glucose is present in glycogen phase.   
there is a three type of carbohydrate-
(a) monosaccharides= simple carbohydrate is monosaccharides. there formula is CnH2nOn. in there structure carbon atoms are 3-7.
on base of atoms number this divides in five types.
1.triosis
2.tetrosil
3.pentosis
4.hexosis
5.heptosis
 structure of hectose and pentose are open and ring like. glucose and fructose are example of hexose sugar. 

(A) glucose=  it is also call grape sugar or dextrose which found in fruits and honey. in the body present in blood and intestine. it is highly founds in urine of diabetic patients.all carbohydrates distribute to cells in phase of glucose.
(B)fructose=the other name of fructose is laevulose. the structure of its is same like glucose but some chemical characters are different. it converts in glucose in liver.
(C)galactose= its found in milk sugar or lactose with glucose. during the digestion its each molecule divides in glucose and galactose's  molecules.
all those are white, crystallise and sweet sugars.
ribose and deoxyribose are pentose sugar which found in nucleic acid.
  monosaccharides has two special chemical characters-
-sugar of aldehyde and kiton's class convert Cu++  in  Cu+. 
 monosaccharides  aldehyde and kiton react with other carbonic compounds alcohol and combines by glycosidic bond.
oligasaccharides=when two monosaccharides are combines by glycosidic bond it call oligosaccharide. biologically maltose, sucrose and lactose are important disaccharides.
(A)sucrose- sucrose, which also cane sugar call, highly found in fruits, sugar cane and sweet potato. this is a sweet sugar. this divides in fructose and glucose by water snap.
(B)lactose=the other name of lactose is milk sugar. this is a only carbohydrate founds in child who only drink milk. in its structure there is a one atom of glucose and other of galactose. 
(C)maltose= malt sugar don't founds free this made from ptyalin enzymes  reaction on glycogen. 
functions of small molecules of carbohydrate=
1.in photo synthesis trayose, pentose and heptose are middle compound.
2.in respiration glucose makes energy.
3.in many animals glucose is presents in phase of blood sugar.
4. in mammary glands glucose and galactose make milk sugar lactose.
5. ribose and de oxyribose are part of nucleic acid and nucleotide.
6.glucose is useful in lipid synthesis. 
QUESTIONS ABOUT BIOMOLECULES
3.polysaccharides=these are polymers of monosaccharide example- starch, cellulose, agar.]

types of polysaccharides-

(a) food storage polysaccharides- starch is example of this which presents in wheat,banana, potato and tapioca. glycogen is store in liver and muscles of mammalian.
  
advantage of polysaccharides carbohydrate-
1.in there production many water molecules release from monosaccarides so very much sugar store.
2.the storage of polysaccharides is easy comparing yo monosaccharide.

(b) structural polysaccharides-

1.cellulose- this is a fibre like flexible matter which mostly presence in plant body. cellulose is 50% founds in wood and in cotton this is 90%. in cellulose molecule structure 6000 glucose molecules connects in a row. in human body enzymes to digest cellulose are absent. these enzymes are presents in cow, goat and other animals.
use of cellulose-
1. this useful in fuel.
2.cotton and linen is used to make rope and clothes.
3. rayon is make by cellulose.
4.by water snap cellulose converts in sugar.
5.cellulose nitrate is used in explosive

2.chitin- this is a also a type of polysaccharides found in outer skeleton of crabs this is made of N-acetyl glucose amine. chitin is smooth and membrane like structure. this is a safety layer of body.

3.mucoploysaccharides- the liquid flow from plant body called mucilage. the best example of its is psyllium. this is made of galactose and mejose.  this is economically important. in our body it present in hyaline fluid and sinovial fluid. 
click heare to know about other biomolecules-
 BIOMOLECULES

                         

Sunday, June 14, 2015

Bonding in Molecules

Molecule is a group of two or more atoms which are combined from chemical bond.
to know about atom structure click on this link-
structure of atom

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Chemical bond=atoms are present in molecule of a compound attached from a force, that force called chemical bond. There are three types of bond
1. Electro-valent bond or ionic bond
2. Covalent bond
3. Coordinate bond
Ionic bond=ionic bond is made from electron transfer between atoms. When a electron transfer from one atom to other atom a atom which donate electron has positive charge and the atom which accepts the electron has negative charge. These opposite charged atoms connect by electrostatic force this force called electro-valent bond. And the number of exchanged electron called these atoms electro valence.


Characteristics of electro-valent compounds=
1. These compounds are hard and brittle.
2. These are non volatile on normal temperature and pressure.
3. To remove ion of the compound we need high energy so melting point is high.
4. In solid state the compound is non conductor but in fused state this is conductor.
5. These compounds do not show isomerism.
Covalent bond== this bond is made from partnership of same electrons between atoms. The compound has this type of bond called covalent compounds.
When two atoms share 1.2 or 3 electrons then the bond calls single bond. Double bond or triple bond.  Firstly Lewis describes them in 1919.
Characteristics of covalent compounds=
1.At normal temperature covalent compounds available in gas or liquid state because there molecules combined from Vander Waals force.
2.There are three type of covalent compounds
(a)Soft and evaporative solid there crystal’s unit is molecule and they combined by Vander Waals force.example-I2, S8  
(b) The solid which has crystal’s separate layers. Example-graffiti.
(c)The solids in all atoms combined from covalent bond and make a giant molecule. Example -SiC.
3.There boiling and melting point are low.
4.These compounds are non conductor.
5.Covalent bonds are rigid and directional.
6.The molecules of these compounds participate in chemical reaction. The speed of reaction is slow then ionic reaction. 

LAST YEAR EXAM PAPER WITH SOLUTION 
 Coordinate bond=according to TM Lowry and NV sidwick, coordinate bond is a special type of covalent bond. in this bond two atoms attached by one electron pair, but the electron of pair given by only one atom. a atom which outer orbital is full gives electron pair to other incomplete atom. the atom who give electron call donor and other atom who take call acceptor. this bond is showed by arrow.
example=


Characteristics of coordinate bond=
1.this compounds are found in all states.
2.these are non conductor.
3.there dielectric is high.
4.this compounds gives molecular reactions.
Read about my other article about biomolecule carbohydrate on this link-
singlet linkage= This type of bond is defined by sudden. according this a tom which outer orbital is full donate his single electron from loan pair electron to two atoms it show by half  headed arrow.


overlapping between atomic orbitals=
axial overlapping=in this type atoms overlaps from axis and make sigma bond. example-s-s overlapping.
sidewise overlapping=by this type pay bond makes this  only makes in sigma bonds presence  its a weak bond.example-Py-Py overlapping.
hybridisation- when two atomic orbitals  which energy level are almost equal combines and make new orbitals of same energy then these new orbitals calls hybridised orbital and this is hybridisation.
characteristics of hybridisation=
1.in this atoms  different orbitals of external classes take part.
 2.only orbitals which has almost equal energy take part in this.  3.number of new orbital is same of orbital which combines
 4.only atomic orbital take part in that, not electron.
 5. the bond makes hybridisation is strong.

Now this is time to question answers, See some impotent competitive exams questions on this topic at this link:-

Questions related to bonding in molecules


To know my other article about vitamin click here-
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IF VITAMIN

Thursday, June 11, 2015

Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Molecules are is smallest particle of any compound that has chemical properties of the compound.
 So in simple language a compound is multiplication of a molecule.
 Molecules are not smallest structure in world. They made of atoms
 so atom is a smallest structure. 
The molecules has interaction reverent to biology.
 Very much molecules like carbohydrate, proteins, lipids, DNA or RNA are includes in biological study so we have to know that what is interaction between them.
 A.Structure of atoms:-
Atom is a smallest particle which has similar chemical properties to the compound. The atoms are combined by bonds and make molecules.  The atom is a smallest part which is not dividable. There is three particles in a atom.
1. Electron
2. Proton
3. Neutron
In the structure of a atom in the middle there is a nucleolus. And the electrons are moves circular to the nucleolus. The proton and neutron are found in nucleolus.
Know about nucleic acid-
NUCLEIC ACID
1. Electron=electrons are explore by j.j Thomson in 19th century electrons have negative charge. In a atom moving in atomic orbital’s. There is a force between electron and the proton which attached them.
2. Proton=the proton is particles which has positive charge. The total number of proton called atomic number. In an atom number of electron and proton is same. Proton is presents in nucleolus. Firstly it seen by Rutherford in 1919.

3. Neutron= neutron are also present in nucleolus. Neutron has no electric charge but a mass of this is highest of all. It is discovered by  jams Chadwick in 1932. The weight of neutron + proton called atomic mass.
in  this topic some impotent points to be noted are:-
1.atom is smallest part of atom
2.proton number=atomic number
3.proton+neutron mass = atomic mass which symbol is Z
4.atom is a neutral or ion

and now a important question for examination 
Q. In which compound neutron is absent?
answer= hydrogen-1
read more about molecules on this link-